To start google does not penalize duplicate content. The issue is if two articles are very similar, Google can have a hard time figuring out which one to display in the SEPRs.

For your example, that should not cause a duplicate content issue. This is something that most people who write or work with content run into. With similar content or content within the same topic, you often have to repeat some info to give the reader proper context. Too many links with little explanation leaves the reader with the responsibility of going to a bunch of different places to get the answer they want. That’s a bad users experience, and its bad for SEO.

You could A/B test the page. One with the summary (page A) and one without (page B) and see which article preforms best. This does require a decent amount of work though.